Psychological Assessment, 15, 569-577. The Beck Depression Test is a type of psychological test which is used to measure the intensity of mental depression. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. 2016;13(3):220-228. doi:10.1177/1479972316634604, By Arlin Cuncic Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold. Also, when verifying the fit of a bifactor model, it makes sense to consider additional indices, mainly the hierarchical omega (H), the percentage of explained common variance (ECV) and the percentage of uncontaminated correlations (PUC). Therefore, findings cannot be generalized and further replication in both representative samples from general population and clinical samples are needed. . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 3-18. Demyttenaere K, Jaspers L. Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation. The authors suggested that the measures not be used interchangeably since they may be assessing different aspects of depression. They conducted both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and found a 2nd order general factor of Depression and three first-order factors: Negative Attitude, Performance Difficulty, and Somatic Elements. Skorikov, V.B., & Vandervoort, D.J. Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). BDI-IA. 4. (2003). This is in line with different studies that supported a bifactor latent structure to the BDI-II [13,36,37,38]. Furlanetto, L.M., Mendlowicz, M.V., & Bueno, J.R. (2005). Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. (2004). Individuals with chronic trauma since childhood sometimes respond by circling a zero because they do not feel worse than "usual.". Cons: 1. Norms were based on a predominantly Caucasian sample. No, Is the Subject Area "Primary care" applicable to this article? Cathebras, P., Mosnier, C., Levy, M., Bouchou, K., & Rousset, H. (1994). Validity and Reliability. CBT interventions for depression generally focus on helping clients become more engaged in activities that they value and have given up since becoming depressed. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. Learn More. http://www.who.int/mental_health/dominican_republic_who_aims_spanish.pdf. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. The BDI has also been found to be related to the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Survey and to a measure of alexithymia in a sample of Turkish adolescents (Sayar, Kose, Grabe, & Murat, 2005). With depression, the neurotransmitter serotonin is responsible for sleep, aggression, sexual behavior, . The standard cut-offs are as follows: Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. (n.d.). Yes Five screening items reduce the length and the intrusiveness of the questionnaire for patients who are nonsuicidal. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click In addition, the internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's statistic, and validity evidence was provided by comparing the BDI-II scores of the general population and the hospital population; to do so, successive Student's t tests were carried out for independent samples applying a HolmBonferroni adjustment to control for Type 1 error. Current address: Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana. c. Give an example or explain how someone being diagnosed with a mental disorder can be sim; Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [E-mail: aofpharm420@hotmail.com] I. Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. Thirteen adolescents aged 13-17 rated the degree to which items were understandable, easy to read, and would correspond to what they would say to a mental health professional about how they feel. 2013;35(4):416-431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH, Kim JH. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78, 451-460. Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes; self-administered or verbally by a trained administrator. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 29-42. Developing a culturally appropriate depression prevention program: The Family Coping Skills Program. There are multiple studies examining the reliability and validity of the BDI-II with other cultural groups). (This is a sampling of the literature in this area. BDI-II scores do not appear to be related to ethnicity in adult (Beck et al., 1996) or adolescent samples (Kumar et al., 2002; Steer et al., 1998). Funding: This work was financed by the National Fund for Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development (fondocyt) in the Dominican Republic. (2004). It was developed by famous American psychiatrist Dr. Aaron T. Beck. A PsychInfo search (6/05) for "Beck Depression Inventory" or BAI anywhere revealed that the BDI has been referenced in 9,013 peer-reviewed journal articles. This research was supported by the National Fund for Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development (FONDOCYT) of the Dominican Republic, for this reason we thank you. Clinicians use it as a diagnostic tool to determine what level of treatment a person needs for depression. prezi.com. Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennel, M. (2005). Rehabilitation Psychology, 46, 195-202. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 355-365. 808 certified writers online. Interpretation is based on raw scores only. These differences are amplified when the hospital sample is sub-divided and only the psychiatric consultation participants (N = 86) are considered. The Beck Depression Inventory or (BDI), is a self-report questionnaire that contains 21 multiple-choice questions for the evaluation of the severity (0 to 3 possible score per item) of depression in both normal and psychiatric populations. The 21-item BDI was built by Beck and colleagues in 1961 at the Center for Cognitive Therapy (Beck et al., 1961) for use in cognitive psychotherapy to rate the presence of depression-related cognitive distortion.The original version has received several reformulations to improve clinical and research needs. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is world-wide among the most used self-rating scales for measuring depression. Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Clinica y Salud, 14(3), 249-280. The NCTSN is funded by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and jointly coordinated by UCLA and Duke University. (2001). The CDI is a tool that mental health professionals use to measure the cognitive, affective, and behavioral signs of depression in children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17. Chron Respir Dis. (2005). 0 I am not particularly discouraged about the future. (2014, January 28). Author. Similarly, McElroy et al. Analyses with adult inpatients have identified a single hierarchical depression factor (Cole, Grossman, Prillman, & Hunsaker, 2003). Learn more about accessibility at UWMadison. Some people may underestimate their level of distress, while others may exaggerate their symptoms. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 568-580. "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Within the hospital sample, 76.5% came in for routine checkups, 15.3% sought help for cardiac and hypertension conditions and 8.2% went to the psychiatric service. Bryant, R.A., Moulds, M.L., Guthrie, R.M., & Nixon, R.D.V. The BDI has been widely used in research studies and clinical practice. The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. for only $16.05 $11/page. Please contact the author of the questionnaire for use permissions. The BDI-II is user-friendly; it is easy to administer and score. Preliminary analysis using SPSS v20 was carried out to examine outliers, missing values and to test assumptions of univariate and multivariate normality. In effect, higher averages are observed in the general BDI-II score (average = 16.91; standard deviation = 11.62; t (881) = 7.49; p<0.01), and in the cognitive dimensions (average = 5.02; standard deviation = 4.31; t (881) = 6.33; p<0.01), somatic (average = 8.24; standard deviation = 5.35; t (881) = 5.87; p<0.01), and affective (average = 3.65; standard deviation = 3.15; t (881) = 8.17; p<0.01), with a greater effect size on the Cohen's d values (d general = .80; d cognitive = .64; d somatic = .71; d affective = .82). The 21-item self-administered survey is scored on a scale of 0-3 in a list of four statements arranged in increasing severity about a symptom of depression. We will write a custom Assessment on Beck Depression Inventory, Its History and Benefits specifically for you. In these models, an orthogonal general factor called depression was tested along with the specific proposed factors. The BDI-II is designed to assess state-related depression and could be used as a quick weekly screener prior to therapy sessions. It can be used to screen for depression and monitor the course of treatment. The cut-off points of values greater than .95 reported by Hu and Bentler [48] and Joreskog and Sorboms [49] were used for the CFI and GFI indices in order to consider an optimal fit, and greater than .90 for an acceptable fit. Yes Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. This test opened up a new dimension for health care professionals. Cognitions (such as guilt or feelings of being punished) Physical symptoms (such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex). For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) I am blue or sad all the time and I cant snap out of it and (2b) I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful. Subsequent reliability analysis of the BDI-II total score and subscale scores showed acceptable to high internal consistency, with alpha coefficients ranging from .70 to .89. The BDI-II has been referenced in 586 publications in peer-reviewed journal articles. Smarr KL, Keefer AL. Full scale consists of 21 test items. Yes You need to invest in your inventory. The majority of psychometric studies conducted with adolescents in the United States have involved predominantly Caucasian samples and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . There are several other depression screens that are not proprietary and are in the public domain for use. By latest estimates from the WHO, there are about 300 million people living with depression worldwide. The BDI has been used in numerous studies with trauma-exposed individuals. Carmody (2005) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with a diverse group of college students. The CDI is used to scale the severity of depressive symptoms in children. They also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be more effective in non-clinical populations. Background. The BDI includes 21 items, each of which corresponds to a symptom of depression. Collectively, these results support the use of BDI-II in Republic Dominican for assessing depression severity. 1961;4:561-571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 127-134. No, Is the Subject Area "Diagnostic medicine" applicable to this article? The psychometric properties of the BDI-SF have been examined in French (Cathebras, Mosnier, Levy, Bouchou, & Rousset, 1994) and Brazilian (Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, & Bueno, 2005) samples. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(1), 181-183. All participants agreed to participate voluntarily and provided written consent prior to complete the inventory and after information about purposes of the study were provided. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. . It was also found that the therapy was more successful than drug therapy and had a lower relapse rate, supporting the proposition that depression has a cognitive basis. Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. 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