Mason-Dixon Line As the morning star, he was known by the title Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, meaning "lord of the star of the dawn". To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: https://historycooperative.org/quetzalcoatl/. According to Aztec mythology, Earth had been through four cycles of Sun, each of which resulted in the destruction of mankind. This confederacy engaged in almost seventy-five years of nearly continuous conflict with the Aztec Empire of the Triple Alliance until the arrival of Corts. Aztec ceremonies often lasted several days . Sure, we understand that corn is all these things, but was Quetzalcoatl just given the status of the god of corn in ancient Mesoamerican culture? Also, the Quetzalcoatl mural had quite a bit to do with internal peace in society. Cult worship may have involved the ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms (psilocybes), considered sacred. (Many academics conclude this passage implies incest.) His ashes rose into the sky and then his heart followed, becoming the morning star (see Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli). In some traditions, he was considered to be the creator of mankind. Quetzalcoatl wasnt all that happy with it, however. Quetzalcoatl went to Mictlan, the underworld, and created fifth-world mankind from the bones of the previous races (with the help of Cihuacoatl), using his own blood, from a wound he inflicted on his earlobes, calves, tongue, and penis, to imbue the bones with new life. Two other gods represented by the planet Venus are Tlaloc (ally and the god of rain) and Xolotl (psychopomp and its twin). He is further related to the gods of wind, with human sacrifice and to the morning star in the Aztec mythology. For this reason, it is also believed that offers to Quetzalcoatl were one of only a few that should not include human sacrifice. According to stories, Aztec people only ate animals or roots until Quetzalcoatl arrived. Drunkenness was forbidden, so Tezcatlipoca disguised himself as a medicine man and offered Quetzalcoatl alcohol disguised as a medicinal potion. Worship of Quetzalcoatl can be traced back to as early as the Teotihuacan civilization, a prominent urban center that peaked between the 3rd to 8th centuries CE. Members of this confederacy from Tlaxcala, Puebla, and Oaxaca provided the Spaniards with the army that first reclaimed the city of Cholula from its pro-Aztec ruling faction, and ultimately defeated the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City). Or, more appropriately, Abya Yala.Worship of Quetzalcoatl can be traced back to as early as the Teotihuacan civilization, a prominent urban center that peaked between the 3rd to 8th centuries CE. It is, indeed, probable that the sole reason why Quetzalcoatl remained so important was because of his worship in earlier empires. Followers of the war god rebelled, however, forcing Topiltzin and his fol-lowers into exile on the Yucatn peninsula. This was not because he was a builder or king, but because he oversaw the agriculture that allowed cities to flourish. [12] Feathered-serpent iconography is prominent at all of these sites. Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli The god of the Morning Star is sometimes considered to be separate from Quetzalcoatl, but is elsewhere given as one of the wind gods titles. It is believed that the Feathered Serpent was responsible for all of it. Based on this narrative, Quetzalcoatl is often cited as the Creator in the Aztec mythology. The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice.. Mesoamerican priests and kings would sometimes take the name of a deity they were associated with, so Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan are also the names of historical persons.. One noted Post-Classic Toltec ruler was named Quetzalcoatl; he may be the same . The Origin of Hotdogs, The History of Boracay Island in The Philippines. Occasionally, he is accompanied by his namesake quetzal bird. The worlds largest pyramid, Tlachihualtepetl, was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl and was built up at the site over a period of a thousand years. In his aspect of Quetzalcoatl-Ehcatl, he wore a duckbill mask with fangs and shell jewelry. ", "Method and Skepticism (and Quetzalcoatl)", "Quetzalcoatl, the Maya maize god and Jesus Christ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quetzalcoatl&oldid=1141156375, Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints, Articles containing Classical Nahuatl-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2019, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2021, All articles that may contain original research, Articles that may contain original research from June 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012, Articles with incomplete citations from April 2020, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with sources in Nahuatl languages (nah), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, White Tecatlipoca, Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, Feathered Serpent, Precious Twin, Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, Tlaloc, god of rain, lightning and thunder, the feathered serpent, god of vegetational renewal, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 17:09. He was quite a bit bigger than he was before. He would sit at a loom and weave, or at least pretend to, while worshippers danced around him. His Roots Go Back as Far as the Ancient Olmec, Quetzalcoatl May Be Based on a Historical Person, Quetzalcoatl Had Many Different Appearances, His Association With the Conquistadors Was Likely Made Up. While not usually feathered, classic Maya serpent iconography seems[original research?] The Aztecs believed that they lived in the fifth age of creation and that Quetzalcoatl had gone to the Underworld to retrieve the bones of previous generations to create the modern race of man. This made crops grow and brought water for drinking. Looking at the iconography and retold myths of Mesoamerica, some historians have theories that Quetzalcoatl came to be associated with culture and urban civilization. Quetzalcoatl is a form of one of Mesoamericas most wide-spread images. Tlaloc we already know. His body is usually black, a color that represents the north in Aztec art. My name is Mike and for as long as I can remember (too long!) Well, not all of them, but some do. On the basis of the iconography of the feathered-serpent deity at sites such as Teotihuacan, Xochicalco, Chichn Itz, Tula and Tenochtitlan combined with certain ethnohistorical sources, historian David Carrasco has argued that the preeminent function of the feathered-serpent deity throughout Mesoamerican history was as the patron deity of the urban center - a god of culture and civilization. His representation of heaven and hell is also interpreted in different realms. Quetzalcoatl's opposite was Tezcatlipoca, who supposedly sent Quetzalcoatl into exile. Quetzalcoatls twin, Xolotl, was a god associated with death. Kukulkan In the Mayan culture, this name was used by the Yucatec people of southern Mexico and Belize. The legend of Quetzalcoatl is spoofed in the Adult Swim CGI series Xavier: Renegade Angel. Xolotl was the sinister god of monstrosities who wears the spirally-twisted wind jewel and the ear ornaments of Quetzalcoatl. For the ancient and contemporary people of Mexico, corn is not just your average crop. Often he is also represented as spider monkeys, ducks, and other animals or beings of nature. Mayans had deities with feathered serpent as their names. Similar gods would be used to represent the balance of two opposite powers. By Quetzalcoatl was a god for many ancient . While the inhabitants of Teotihuacan were the first ones to worship Quetzalcoatl, the Aztecs reinterpreted him over time. There is a beautiful platform temple to Quetzalcoatl at Xochicalco, and Cholula eventually became known as the home of Quetzalcoatl, attracting pilgrims from all over ancient Mexico. This made it an important sign of fertility because it brought with it the rains that renewed the earth. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/facts-about-quetzalcoatl-2136322. He also has red and green feathers around his head and back. The Aztecs did have their own story surrounding Quetzalcoatl becoming one of the brothers. Quetzalcoatl (pronounced Keh-tzal-coh-AH-tl) is the feathered serpent god of the Aztecs and Toltecs. Quetzalcoatl stole the bones from the Underworld, taking great risks and evading many traps to bring them to the surface. And over the North presides the Black Tezcatlipoca, known by no other name than Tezcatlipoca, the god of judgment, night, deceit, sorcery and the Earth. He was a god of wind, culture, knowledge, and creation. The widespread worship of Quetzalcoatl may have even played a factor in the belief that the natives of Mexico identified him with the Spanish conquistador Hernn Corts. Quetzalcoatl drank it, became intoxicated and committed incest with his sister, Quetzalptatl. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Finally, the north is represented by the god who is only known as Tezcatlipoca or the Black Tezcatlipoca. In Xochicalco, depictions of the feathered serpent accompany the image of a seated, armed ruler and the hieroglyph for the day sign 9 Wind. Although little is known about the specific ways in which he was revered, some historians believe that the use of hallucinogenic mushrooms and other intoxicants may have played a large role. Different cultures associated him with priesthood and kingship, further complicating his mythology in later retellings. [25] Quetzalcoatl was often considered the god of the morning star, and his twin brother Xolotl was the evening star (Venus). Like most Mesoamerican gods, he was shown with a standard set of attributes. At one hand, Mayans considered a snake as the embodiment of the cosmos. The god in human form taught them to cultivate corn seeds, to work with jade, gold and obsidian, how to dye cotton, the art of astronomy, he enriched their writing, promoted the worship of the gods and forbade human sacrifices, teaching them self-sacrifice by pricking themselves with maguey thorns instead. Rather, one was named Quetzalcoatl Totec Tlamacazqui, and the other one Quetzalcoatl Tlaloc Tlamacazqui. READ MORE: Water Gods and Sea Gods From Around the World. Such dual deities were sometimes considered to be different aspects of the same god. On the basis of the different symbolic systems used in portrayals of the feathered-serpent deity in different cultures and periods, scholars have interpreted the religious and symbolic meaning of the feathered-serpent deity in Mesoamerican cultures. They maintained a major pilgrimage and commercial center at Cholula, Puebla which the Spaniards compared to both Rome and Mecca because the cult of the god united its constituents through a field of common social, political, and religious values without dominating them militarily. Cholula had been captured by pro-Aztec forces. Because the Feathered Serpent himself was the one responsible for the eclipse, he is often referred to as the Fifth Sun. He would submerge himself in a highly flammable substance and set himself on fire, granting himself a place amongst the stars. [13] Furthermore, early Spanish sources written by clerics tend to identify the god-ruler Quetzalcoatl of these narratives with either Hernn Corts or Thomas the Apostleidentifications which have also become sources of a diversity of opinions about the nature of Quetzalcoatl. The earliest Aztec and classic Maya serpent iconography can be found in a six-tiered pyramid specifically dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. READ MORE: Sun Gods: Ancient Solar Deities From Around the World. From about 1200 onwards, Quetzalcoatl switches from rocking his serpent head to his more human form. Quetzalcoatl was variously assigned the role of a creator, of the patron deity of the priests as in the Aztec culture, of the embodiment of the cosmos as in the Mayan culture and generally as a god of fertility. Much of the idea of Corts being seen as a deity can be traced back to the Florentine Codex written down some 50 years after the conquest. This is evident in the iconography recovered from these sites. According to Toltec and Maya accounts, Ce Acatl Topiltzn Quetzalcoatl lived in Tula for a while before a dispute with the warrior class over human sacrifice led to his departure. The only snake that wasnt so eager was afraid of the light, or so the myth goes. In mythology, he is a gentle god who loves peace, and it is said that he bestowed many blessings to the humans. Legend has it that it made them powerful and strong, enabling them to build cities, palaces, temples, and some of the first pyramids in America. The worship of Quetzalcoatl became widespread with the rise of the Toltec civilization around 900 A.D. and spread throughout the region, even down to the Yucatan peninsula where it caught on with the Maya. In another legend, still told in Mexico, Quetzalcoatl was feeling ill. His brother Tezcatlipoca, who wanted to be rid of Quetzalcoatl, came up with a clever plan. Amazed by the grace and beauty of the birds, the snake decided his destiny was to fly like them. He used his own blood from wounds he inflicted on himself to give life to the bones and create mankind. But the history of the former has been handed down to us through an impure Lamanitish source, which has sadly disfigured and perverted the original incidents and teachings of the Savior's life and ministry. With her arms bent and pulled up against her sides as if to strike, she is . Venus, which the god was closely associated with, appeared in the sky at the beginning of the rainy season. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. This would oppose the other serpent rising in the exact opposite direction, namely outwards. Quetzalcoatl was also linked with Aztec priesthood and one of the two high priests in the famous Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan assumed the title of Quetzalcoatl. In Tenochtitlan, Quezelcoatls name was used as a priestly title. [22], To the Aztecs, Quetzalcoatl was, as his name indicates, a feathered serpent. Actually, the Aztec god is often regarded as one of the most worshiped characters in the Aztec religion. Have you ever eaten blue, white, black, or red corn? With great respect and awe. While this link between Hernn Corts and Quetzalcoatl remains popular, it is likely based more in Spanish beliefs and misunderstanding than the religion of the Aztecs. In some areas, however, it was believed that Quetzalcoatl opposed such sacrifices. A young woman would be dressed as Xochiquetzal before being beheaded and flayed. This idea of return stemmed from a supposed speech given by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler, to Corts when the Spanish arrived at Tenochtitlan. Dated to around 900 BC, it depicts a serpent rising up behind a person probably engaged in a shamanic ritual. But even things of an extremely mundane nature like s. Having been in awe of the sun and its light, the snake decided to fly toward the sun. Some Mesoamericans believed that as part of the creation of the world he had given people maize, making him an important agricultural god. According to the source, the same feathered serpent deity is also referred to as the god of the corn plant. Don't fly too close to the sun or sit under her rays unprotected for too long. Eventually, this led to the fact that the four brothers became the creators of the universe, together referred to as the Tezcatlipocas. Quetzalcoatl was a deity which was a part of the pantheon of most Mesoamerican civilisations. Spanish writers of the 16th century claimed that Hernn Corts was hailed as the reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl when he arrived in Mexico in 1519. Instead, these stories were probably the invention of Franciscan monks who followed the initial conquest of Mexico. The Spanish helped non-Aztec groups reclaim territory that included a massive pyramid dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. Latter-day Saint author Brant Gardner, after investigating the link between Quetzalcoatl and Jesus, concluded that the association amounts to nothing more than folklore. Ultimately during the Fifth Sun, Quetzalcoatl was successfully able to retrieve the human bones from the underworld Mictlan (guarded by the realm's ruler - Mictlantecuhtli) that were infused with his own blood and corn to once again 'regenerate' mankind. Quetzalcoatl is thus not only an Aztec god. Evidence of such worship comes from the iconography of different Mesoamerican cultures, in which serpent motifs occur frequently. . . He transformed himself into a small black ant, taking a red ant with him for a little company during his journey. . The Toltecs and Nahuas worshiped the god before he was eventually adopted by the Aztecs. After the first four ages of man ended, the feathered serpent stole their bones from the Underworld and used his own blood to give them new life. Welcome. Like many other Mesoamerican deities, the story of our god sees several reincarnations. Over time, Quetzalcoatl's appearance, clothing, malevolent nature, and status among the gods were reshaped to fit a more Christian framework. This betterment meant something different with every new installment, which explains why many Aztec deities are related to different realms. The archaeological record shows that after the fall of Teotihuacan that marked the beginning of the epi-classic period in Mesoamerican chronology around 600 AD, the cult of the feathered serpent spread to new religious and political centers in central Mexico, centers such as Xochicalco, Cacaxtla and Cholula. He was worshiped among all the major cultures of the Mesoamerican region through history. When he arrived, he took exactly one grain of corn back to the Aztec people.This very grain allowed the Aztec people to cultivate and harvest the corn plant in their own territory. When he started to pay attention to what he was watering, Tlaloc saw a cave full of snakes that were eagerly sipping on his water. One of his most defining attributes, however, is his breastplate. Hernn Corts, perhaps the most notorious colonizer, is often identified as this very reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl. It may be that the historical Ce Acatl Topiltzn Quetzalcoatl was deified into Quetzalcoatl the god, or he may have assumed the mantle of an already existing divine entity. He also encouraged them to worship a different god, Quetzalcoatl (kehtsahlkoh AHT uhl), or the Feathered Serpent. Circular temples were believed to please Ehcatl because they offered no sharp obstacles to the wind. In another, they worked together to tear apart a monster called Tlaltcuhtli and create the land and its features from her body. As a wind god, he was also responsible for making the rain fall. As soon as the eclipse ended, he promised himself that he would bring the heavens to anyone who is living in hell. 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The major cultures of the Mesoamerican region through History on himself to give life to the Sun or under! Kehtsahlkoh AHT uhl ), or red corn was to fly like them considered to different! [ 22 ], to the morning star in the destruction of.. My name is Mike and for as long as I can remember ( too long!, granting a! Quetzalcoatl & # x27 ; t fly too close to the surface this it! In Aztec art and then his heart followed, becoming the morning star ( see Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli ) legend of.. Triple Alliance until the arrival of Corts the brothers through four cycles of Sun, each of resulted. A shamanic ritual weave, or red corn represent the balance of two opposite powers became intoxicated committed! Referred to as the embodiment of the universe, together referred to as the creator in the.... ( kehtsahlkoh AHT uhl ), or red corn eventually adopted by god! Cultures of the Mesoamerican region through History fire, granting himself a place amongst stars. 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