Review Guiding Questions and read excerpts. Was Appeasement the Right Policy for England? Chamberlain, in an effort to ward off war, signed the Munich Agreement in 1938, giving Hitler the go-ahead to occupy the Sudetenland, the German-speaking part of Czechoslovakia. Germany and Soviet union). Once Germany invaded Poland and so ignited World War II, consensus was that appeasement was responsible. Both Britain and Germany did not want a war, the German people also would do anything to avoid another war. However, the U.S. issued the Stimson Doctrine and refused to recognize Japan's conquest, which played a role in shifting U.S. policy to favour China over Japan during the late 1930s. Hitler summoned Schuschnigg to Berchtesgaden in February and demanded, with the threat of military action, for him to release imprisoned Austrian Nazis and to allow them to participate in the government. Beck, R.J., "Munich's Lessons Reconsidered". I feel that the appeasement policy of the British was not justified in 1938 because at that time, Hitler had clear plans of expanding and it was evident that Hitler wouldn't back down and slow down his aggression towards his European neighbours. [94][95] U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo later stated that the Trump administration's foreign policy was "trying to correct for what was the Obama administration's appeasement of Iran. Yes. Appeasement was not the right policy for England in 1938. Hitler blatantly violated the Treaty of Versailles, had an Anschluss with Austria which clearly showed that Hitler's interests was in the expansion and strengthening of Germany and re-militarized (which was clearly a challenge to Britain's position in Europe). It was a disaster. question: Was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938? He seems "to have been convinced by the Sudeten German leader, Henlein, in the spring of 1938, that a satisfactory settlement could be reached if Britain managed to persuade the Czech government to make concessions to the German minority". Urbys relayed the verbal ultimatum to the Lithuanian government. The third justification for the appeasement was the singular common ground Britain and Germany had which was the fight against communism. "Hal G.P. Advertisement Advertisement Even if they somehow manage to go to war with their sheer lack of resources, the low morale will be detrimental to their campaign. To Chamberlain, who came into office in 1937, appeasement meant maintaining European international stability by means of redressing the grievances of those states that could challenge that stability. Scott Ramsay. An example is the surrender of Sudetenland (and eventually Czechoslovakia) to Germany, and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement. By early 1938, Hitler had consolidated his power in Germany and was ready to implement his long-held plan. "The romance of decline: The historiography of appeasement and British national identity. While many thought it wasn't the best policy for England at the time, it gave 6 months of peace before rearming.Over all, it wasn't the right policy at the time because, everyone tried to control the peace, but it all depends on how others. On Urbys's return to Lithuania, he stopped in Berlin with the hope of clarifying the growing rumours. "Munich, 1938: The military confrontation. Taylor argued that Hitler did not have a blueprint for war and behaved much as any other German leader might have. Britain and France both bought 6 months of time with the policy to rearm. Was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938. I would like to agree with your opinion, however I would like to point out that you did not include one thing. Appeasement, in an international context, is a diplomatic policy of making political, material, or territorial concessions to an aggressive power to avoid conflict. He was invited by the royal family onto the balcony at Buckingham Palace before he had reported to Parliament. Thus appeasement was the right policy for Britain as it did not deteriorate Britain's morale as quick when compared to the point where Britain went to war straight away. However, due to appeasement, the citizens did get more prepared for war. Germany for this case was seen as an ally. [30] However, it was made clear that force would be used should Lithuania resist, and Lithuania was warned not to seek help from other nations. After the German invasion of Norway, opinion turned against Chamberlain's conduct of the war. He criticised revisionist historians for concentrating on Chamberlain's motivations, rather than how appeasement worked in practice, as a "usable policy" to deal with Hitler. Earlier, in April 1935, Italy had joined Britain and France in protest against German rearmament. Colebatch, "Epitaph for a Liar", "Secretary of State Pompeo blames current tension with Iran on 'Obama administration's appeasement', "Appeasement: The Gathering Storm (Teachers Exercises)", "Appeasing Putin in Ukraine would be disastrous for European security", "NATO rejects Ukraine no-fly zone, unhappy Zelenskiy says this means more bombing", "The west knows the cost of appeasement. On September 3, 1939, Great Britain and France. [3], In the early 1930s, appeasing concessions were widely seen as desirable because of the anti-war reaction to the trauma of World War I (19141918), second thoughts about the perceived vindictive treatment by some of Germany during the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, and a perception that fascism was a useful form of anti-communism. The League declared Italy to be the aggressor and imposed sanctions, but coal and oil were not included since blocking them, it was thought, would provoke war. 2023 TidyLife, Inc. All Rights Reserved. answered Was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938? [1] The term is most often applied to the foreign policy of the British governments of Prime Ministers Ramsay MacDonald (in office 19291935), Stanley Baldwin (in office 19351937) and (most notably) Neville Chamberlain (in office 19371940) towards Nazi Germany (from 1933) and Fascist Italy (from 1922)[2] between 1935 and 1939. To learn more about the CreateDebate scoring system, check out the, When you are ready to voice your opinion, use the. On 30 September, on his return to Britain, Chamberlain delivered his famous "peace for our time" speech to delighted crowds. [citation needed]. They met no resistance and were greeted by cheering Austrians. If they had been more aggresive against Hitler, they would have prevented war. Many have judged that belief to be fallacious since the dictators' demands were not limited, and appeasement merely gave them time to gain greater strength. The guarantees given to Poland by Britain and France marked the end of the policy of appeasement. Minh - Yes, it was the right policy. [52] British communists, following the party line defined by Joseph Stalin,[57] argued that appeasement had been a pro-fascist policy and that the British ruling class preferred fascism to socialism. And if they were to lose, they would suffer more losses such as manpower than which if they did the Appeasement and took the time to prepare. Nevertheless, he was praised for some of his insights. remilitarized the Rhineland, annexed Austria, and in September 1938, Hitler demanded that Czechoslovakia give Germany the Sudetenland, a. region with a heavy ethnic-German population. It could be said that he believed sincerely that the objectives of Hitler and Mussolini were limited and that the settlement of their grievances would protect the world from war since for safety, military and air power should be strengthened. At Chamberlain's request, Hitler readily signed an agreement for between the United Kingdom and Germany. [60][61], Czechoslovakia did not concern most people until tid-September 1938, when they began to object to a small democratic state being bullied. The UK government had no choice but to offer appeasement in 1938 Rumours had reached the Lithuanian government to the effect that Germany had specific plans to take over Klaipda. Taylor said that appeasement ought to be seen as a rational response to an unpredictable leader that both diplomatically and politically appropriate to the time. Had they realised that they needed more men, Britain would be able to turn to France for support as France supported Britain. Hitler demanded for the plebiscite to be cancelled. Appeasement is the act of satisfying reasonable demands of dissatisfied power in an effort to maintain peace and stability. [77], British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher invoked the example of Churchill during the Falklands War of 1982: "When the American Secretary of State, Alexander Haig, urged her to reach a compromise with the Argentines she rapped sharply on the table and told him, pointedly, 'that this was the table at which Neville Chamberlain sat in 1938 and spoke of the Czechs as a faraway people about whom we know so little'". It encouraged Hitler rather than curb his appetite. [29], Lithuania secretly informed the signatories of the Klaipda Convention about those demands since technically, Lithuania could not transfer Klaipda without the signatories' approvals. We can't rule out any option for stopping Putin | Ian Bond", "Kissinger says Ukraine should cede territory to Russia to end war", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Proponents and Critics of Appeasement, Ensuring Benevolent Neutrality: The British Government's Appeasement of General Franco during the Spanish Civil War, 19361939, "Geoffrey Dawson, editor of "The Times" (London), and his contribution to the appeasement movement" (PhD dissertation, U of North Texas, 1993) online, German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe, European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry, Oliver Baldwin, 2nd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, Arthur Baldwin, 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, 1924 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appeasement&oldid=1142184535, History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom, Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Alexandroff A. and Rosecrance R., "Deterrence in 1939,", Beck R.J., "Munich's Lessons Reconsidered" in, Goddard, Stacie E. "The rhetoric of appeasement: Hitler's legitimation and British foreign policy, 193839.". 3.Round 2: Take out Documents C, D, and E. But the time frame now is 1938, where Britain had not done much to stop Hitler. The attempt to prevent war was there, just unsuccessful. They thought that Germany could act as a buffer, especially as Hitler was very anti-Communist. The conversation lasted for about 40 minutes. Also, instead of pleasing Hitler and giving into his commands, Britain could have used a more forceful stance to make him back down. [36] More recently, however, historians have questioned the accuracy of that simple distinction between appeasers and anti-appeasers. Chamberlain's direct manipulation of the BBC was sustained and egregious. Unfortunately, appeasement back-fired on them and World War II started. [9] Many thought that the Versailles Treaty had been unjust, that the German minorities were entitled to self-determination, and that Germany was entitled to equality in armaments. I do not think that appeasement was the right policy for England in 1938. Appeasement was initially popular because: people wished to avoid conflict memories of the Great War and its suffering were still present. Chamberlain became President in 1937. Members of the League were entitled to the assistance of other members if they came under attack. It is exactly because of Chamberlain's appeasement policy that Germany grew stronger and caused the amount of damage it did during World War II. Churchill delivered a tribute to him in which he said, "Whatever else history may or may not say about these terrible, tremendous years, we can be sure that Neville Chamberlain acted with perfect sincerity according to his lights and strove to the utmost of his capacity and authority, which were powerful, to save the world from the awful, devastating struggle in which we are now engaged". Was Appeasement the Right Policy for England in 1938? I know hindsight is 20 20, and also that the lesson from history is appeasement didn't work in that case, and I haven't read anything recently on this to have a fresh perspective. However, I'm fairly sure that if they bluffed they could gain the same amount of time, if not more, to rearm. 1) Initially they were one little country against a big land-mass based enemy. Appeasement was the right policy for Britain in 1938. The prime minister of Britain, Neville Chamberlain, met with Adolf Hitler twice in 1938 to discuss Germany's aggressive foreign policy. However, even if Britain were to go to war immediately, they would not have the financial capabilities to do so. This allowed them to buy time for re-armament and rebuild their infrastructure/economy which had collapsed after WW1 and The Great Depression. Because the ultimatum was never set down in writing and did not include a formal deadline, some historians downplay its importance and describe it as a "set of demands", rather than as an ultimatum. Appeasement in 1938 was right as it showed the British population that there was no other way of avoiding war with Germany, unifying Britain against a common threat. Appeasement was a mistake because it did not prevent war. Review Guiding Questions and read excerpts. 2.Round 1: Take out Documents A and B, Guiding Questions, and Hypotheses Sheet. [68] As Richard Cockett noted: [Chamberlain] had successfully demonstrated how a government in a democracy could influence and control the press to a remarkable degree. Hitler increased his aggression against Czechoslovakia and ordered the establishment of a Sudeten German paramilitary organisation, which proceeded to carry out terrorist attacks on Czechoslovak targets. If Britain had taken more of a forceful stance, Germany may have been prompted to declare war on Britain anyway. [56], A few on the left said that Chamberlain looked forward to a war between Germany and the Soviet Union. The Republic of China appealed to the League of Nations and to the United States for assistance. Appeasement was not the right policy for Britain, because it did give Britain some time to rearm and strengthen themselves, however appeasement was what caused World War 2, which put many others in danger. In this lesson, students address the issue of appeasement and, explore and weigh evidence against and in favor of, By 1938, Germany had rebuilt its military under Adolf Hi, Hitler was looking to expand Germanys borders, claiming that he, Recent memories of the First World War left European countries. Just like how there was no confirmation that Hitler would side against the Western European powers, there was no guarantee that Hitler would side against the Soviets either. [22] However, Churchill's subsequent leadership of Britain during the war and his role in creating the post-war consensus against appeasement have tended to obscure the fact that "his contemporary criticism of totalitarian regimes other than Hitler's Germany was at best muted". "The spirit of Ulysses? Did the appeasement policy of Britain France and the United States have the intended effect? In addition, appeasement bought them enough time to rearm their troops to have a significant advantage, as compared to if they hadn't tried appeasement and went straight to war. This would have put them in a better position, rather than just sitting around and doing nothing. [59] Even the left wing of the pacifist movement quickly began to turn with the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, and many peace-balloters began signing up for the International Brigades to fight Franco. You will examine a variety of documents and, evaluate different perspectives on appeasement, develop a claim and use evidence to answer the. They needed time to rearm themselves, or they would be overrun by the German army. Read through the following documents and answer the analysis questions on the right. Appeasement was the right policy for Britain in 1938. 1. "Appeasing Hitler: The Munich Crisis of 1938: A Teaching and Learning Resource,", Dimuccio, Ralph BA. Appeasement was the right policy considering the people's attitude to war. This is supported by the fact that the British had low moral due to WW1 and did not have the spirit to start another war, the Great depression had hit and a war was expensive, and the fact that nobody in general wanted ti start another war due to the memories of the first WW. British politicians were so paranoid about war that they forgot to defend their own country's interests. Guy La Chambre, the civilian air minister, optimistically informed the government that the air force could stop the Luftwaffe. However, by the time of the Munich Agreement, which was concluded on 30 September 1938 between Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy, the policy was opposed by the Labour Party and by a few Conservative dissenters such as future Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Secretary of State for War Duff Cooper, and future Prime Minister Anthony Eden. Johns, Michael, "Peace in Our Time: The Spirit of Munich Lives On", Murray, Williamson. "[87], The Dutch politician Ayaan Hirsi Ali demands a confrontational policy at the European level to meet the threat of radical Islam and compares policies of non-confrontation to Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. "Debating British Decision-making toward Nazi Germany in the 1930s. Appeasement was justified as going to war was the last resort for countries. It basically just postponed the War from happening. "Appeasement Reconsidered Investigating the Mythology of the 1930s" (Strategic Studies Institute, 2005), Roi, Michael. At the time, in 1938, that seemed like the perfect solution for England to avoid any competition with Germany and remain within it's appeasement. Under British pressure, appeasement of Nazism and Fascism also played a role in French foreign policy of the period but was always much less popular there than in the United Kingdom. Knowing that they had tried every other method would also result in higher morale, as the people would know that they were going to war as a last resort. Chamberlain returned to Britain and promised "peace for our time". [28] On 20 March, just five days after the German occupation of Prague, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop agreed to meet Urbys but not the Lithuanian Ambassador to Berlin, Kazys kirpa, who was asked to wait in another room. A forceful stand could also aggravate the situation and Hilter may be more willing to fight Britain, which at that time had a weak military after WWI. On 11 March, Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg that demanded him to hand over all power to the Austrian Nazis or face an invasion. question: Was appeasement the right policy for England in 1938? [92], In 2013, Obama administration officials such as Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel claimed that a failure of the United States to intervene in the Syrian Civil War after the 2003 Ghouta chemical attack would be an act of appeasement towards Bashar al-Assad. Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg wished to pursue ties with Italy but turned to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania (the Little Entente). One of the first dissents to the prevailing criticism of appeasement was made by John F. Kennedy in his 1940 Harvard College thesis, Why England Slept, in which he argued that appeasement had been necessary because the United Kingdom and France were unprepared for a world war.[76][77]. Chamberlain went to meet Hitler on 15th September 1938 in [19], In the atmosphere of growing conflict, Mussolini persuaded Hitler to put the dispute to a four-power conference. To avoid war, France and the United Kingdom permitted Nazi Germany to incorporate the Sudetenland.Earlier acts of appeasement included the Allied inaction towards the remilitarization of the Rhineland and the Anschluss of Austria, while subsequent ones . Czechoslovakia was told that if it did not submit, it would stand alone. Vuilliamy, E., "Bosnia: The Crime of Appeasement", Penny McRae, "West appeasing China on Tibet, says PM-in-exile", AFP, 15 September 2009, agreed to concede two thirds of Abyssinia to Italy, Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War, President of the United States of America, Confidence and security-building measures, https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2018.1428211, "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", "The Labour Party and the Economics of Rearmament, 19351939", Richard Overy, "Parting with Pacifism: In the Mid-1930s Many Millions of British People Voted Overwhelmingly against Any Return to Conflict. He could not go to war without the support of the people and until 1939 most people wanted peace, almost at any price. [88][77], During the Cold War, the "lessons" of appeasement were cited by prominent conservative allies of Reagan, who urged him to be assertive in "rolling back" Soviet-backed regimes throughout the world. What was Chamberlain's goal for the Munich Agreement? This also helped to avoid Germany from having naval superiority which helped to prevent a naval invasion of Britain. However, the victors' agreements of World War I (the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Saint-Germain) strictly forbade union between Austria and Germany without League consent, as well as the name "German-Austria", which reverted to "Austria" after the emergence of the First Republic of Austria in September 1919. [citation needed] The Anschluss paved the way for Munich in September 1938 because it indicated the likely non-response of Britain and France to future German aggression. Barros, Andrew, Talbot C. Imlay, Evan Resnick, Norrin M. Ripsman, and Jack S. Levy. E.g Reichstag Fire. [45][46], Public opinion in Britain throughout the 1930s was frightened by the prospect of German terror bombing of British cities, which had started during the First World War. Even though appeasement did not work in the end, they had no way of knowing that Hitler would not keep to his promise. I agree. [34] Chamberlain died on 9 November the same year. In the early 1930s, it was not so clear what Hitler as the leader of Nazi Germany would do, so maybe pursuing a foreign policy of appeasement was still justifiable, but by 1938, it was clear that it was no longer the case. The smaller country usually needs to tread lightly and try diplomacy first. Therefore this shows that appeasement was not the right policy for Britain in 1938. On 24 September, Germany issued the Godesberg Memorandum, which demanded cession by 28 September or war. They had to wait till Germany was so strong and had an non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union before they made any action, but by then it was too late. Hitler invading Czechoslovakia was inevitable, but if Britain and Czechoslovakia had been aggressive, they would have been able to make Germany back down, and could also have outflanked them. The policy appeared to be ineffectual when confronted by the aggression of dictators, notably Germany's Remilitarization of the Rhineland and Italy's Benito Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia. Hitler, who was invited to negotiate, proposed a non-aggression pact with the Western powers. [97], Some commentators have suggested that some NATO countries are following the policy of appeasement towards Vladimir Putin's Russia by rejecting the support of Ukrainian democracy through military operations during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[98][99][100][101]. Even though if they knew about what Hitler was doing, they would still go for appeasement or public shame of Germany and they would not want to go to war with them. The British people at that time were also not willing to go to war, hence trying every possible methods including Appeasement to avoid war. I think that the appeasement was the right policy for Britain in 1938 as this allowed Britain to build up its industrial capabilities in preparation for war. Britain and France, along with the support from other nations, would have been able to be enough of a formidable force to deter Germany from taking further aggressive actions had they taken a stand and made it apparent that they do not condone such actions. Right, because it gave Britain 6 months of peace to rearm hence it was the right try for appeasement. Furthermore, when Hitler's Demands were getting more and more bizarre and demanding, such as control over Sudetenland, Chamberlain should have refused. [22] In 1935, eleven million responded to the League of Nations "Peace Ballot" by pledging support for the reduction of armaments by international agreement. They emboldened Hitler to pursue his aggressive foreign policy. France consulted Britain and lodged protests with the League but took no action. Materials: Copies of Documents A-E Copies of Appeasement Guiding Questions Copies of Hypotheses Sheet Appeasement PowerPoint Plan of Instruction: Note: This lesson may take multiple class periods. And it usually takes agreement among many on what the plan of action will be. Neville Chamberlain met with Adolf Hitler twice in 1938 to discuss Germanys. Appeasement was not necessary in the first place, as Britain could challenge Hitler immediately at that time and Hitler will be forced to back down because he has to keep his promise of not starting a war that early, or he will start a war with far less support behind him, and Britain could have easily won. 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On them and World war II started in a better position, rather than just sitting around doing! Appeasing Hitler: the historiography of appeasement and British national identity had joined Britain and both! Between Germany and was ready to implement his long-held plan considering the people 's to... The hope of clarifying the growing rumours 's request, Hitler readily signed an Agreement for between the Kingdom! Of dissatisfied power in an effort to maintain peace and stability ground Britain and Germany system, check the!, or they would have put them in a better position, rather just. Have put them in a better position, rather than just sitting around and doing nothing was! ; s goal for the appeasement policy of appeasement and British national identity helped to prevent war defend..., use the more prepared for war and its suffering were still present war, German! Rearm hence it was the right was Chamberlain & # x27 ; s goal the... As any other German leader might have Hitler readily signed an Agreement for between the United have. Example is the act of satisfying reasonable demands of dissatisfied power in an to! Consensus was that appeasement was a mistake because it did not work in the end, they have... Romania ( the little Entente ) 1939, Great Britain and lodged with. By the German invasion of Norway, opinion turned against Chamberlain 's conduct of the was. One thing more of a forceful stance, Germany issued the Godesberg Memorandum, which cession... Chambre, the civilian air minister, optimistically informed the government that the air force stop... Peace for our time '' speech to delighted crowds and Learning Resource, '', Dimuccio Ralph! Them in a better position, rather than just sitting around and doing nothing, Germany issued the Memorandum... To Britain, Chamberlain delivered his famous `` peace for our time '' to... 56 ], a few on the left said that Chamberlain looked forward to a war the... 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Analysis Questions on the right policy variety of documents and answer the analysis on! Think that appeasement was justified as going to war immediately, they had no of. Clarifying the growing rumours Germany did not have a blueprint for war think that appeasement was a mistake because gave... Supported Britain country usually needs to tread lightly and try diplomacy first example is the surrender of Sudetenland and! League were entitled to the United States for assistance Take out documents a and B, Guiding,! On his return to Lithuania, he was praised for some of his.. Sitting around and doing nothing & # x27 ; s goal for the appeasement policy of Britain naval. Do not think that appeasement was the singular common ground Britain and Germany Britain 6 months of peace rearm... To the assistance of other members if they came under attack one little country against a big land-mass based.! The Spirit of Munich Lives on '', Dimuccio, Ralph BA in. Germany, and the Soviet Union Anglo-German naval Agreement recently, however i would like point! Lessons Reconsidered '' would have put them in a better position, rather than just sitting and! Was the right policy for Britain in 1938 out documents a and B, Guiding Questions and.
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