For the number 163, this works as follows: Temporary Result: 01 New D=81 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. Hard disk capacity for personal computers has soared in recent years; capacities of hundreds of megabytes are common and gigabytes are not unusual. Zip disks are a great way to store large files and software programs. CD-ROM's, for example, use microscopic dark spots on the surface of the disk to indicate "off," while the ordinary shiny surface is considered "on." There is more than one way of physically organizing data on a disk. To overcome this limitation, the hexadecimal number system was developed. (a) Name the two major components of the Central Processing Unit and briefly describe what each does. Two read/write heads are on each arm, one facing up for the surface above it and one facing down for the surface below it. (a) Supercomputers (b) Mainframe (c) Mini computer (d) Micro computer. Pages 4-. Since 3>1, we need to use an extra column to the left, and indicate it as "11" in binary (1*2^1) + (1*2^0). A different ISR is provided for each different source of interrupt. 3. Lecture Notes Computer System Architecture Notes: Computer System Architecture notes provide the student with the most updated notes on the subject and provide reference books that are up to the curriculum. These notes are easy to interpret for aspiring students and are the best set of references for computer system architecture during revision. software. Add 1 from carry: 10+1=11. Starting from zero, we count 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. At this point there are no more digits, so we add another column. The cylinder method, then, means all tracks of a certain cylinder on a disk pack are lined up one beneath the other, and all the vertical tracks of one cylinder are accessible by the read/write heads with one positioning of the access arms mechanism. The speed of these machines was described in microseconds (1/1000, 000 of a second). This kind programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address Research shows that the trend in computer technology revolution is that there is; A computer is an electronic device capable of executing instructions, developed based on algorithms stored in its memory, to process data fed to it and produce the required results faster than human beings. B. Record the 0, carry the 1. The following program written in BASIC language is to add two given numbers. WebThis presentation is available free for non-commercial use with attribution under a creative commons license. Windows is a Graphical user interface based operating system. The interpreter translates one line a time and then executes it. A. They are The registers shown in the block diagram above, which represents a typical computer, each have a specific purpose, which is described below. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; r4haJq%e$\, $miMxgy`3*VNae!/yfA){$q> ozEW|%H j],zwG"D=|y'TcZ$RT^%8JityYjwG6CRj{r!MEt4N]O#(Is6x6by
Bw&3O/OF]J~uP4y M5~;S*ST1wR1`/`Hs@\ o[! The notches we have marked as B, are used to align the memory module with the DIMM slot keys C, as shown in Fig 1.3. Most mainframe computers have 32-bit words. ROM: A mask programmed read only memory that can be only be produced by the manufacturer. Practically, we can simply keep a "running total", which now stands at 11 (a[1]=1 and a[0]=1). level languages and provision of system software with the computer. 500,000 physical elements e. transistors, capacities, diodes etc per As you know, the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. vdu controller. Older Zip disks hold 100MB, newer ones hold 250MB and cost $8-$10 a piece (Floppies hold 1.4MB and cost around $2). the manufacturer. Also these programs written for execution in one computer cannot be used on another type of computer. To provide an in-depth presentation of computer hardware and software with more emphasis on the more technical aspects of computing such as troubleshooting and upgrading computers. The form factor is just one of the many standards that apply to motherboards. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and the maim memory, and works by storing the most frequently or recently used instructions and data so that it will be very fast to retrieve them again. Record the 11. In order to execute a high-level language program, it should be translated into a machine language either using a compiler or interpreter. Consequently, the primary role of tape today is as an inexpensive backup medium. The real time clock chip is a battery-operated chip that maintains basic settings and the system time. All the processor activities, such as fetching an instruction, reading data into the memory register etc. If you cannot divide the binary number evenly into blocks of four digits, add zeros to the left side of the number to make it work. The purpose of the control bus is to transmit command , timing and specific status information between system components such as the memory, processor, keyboard input controller VDU output controller and the Disk I/O controller. the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally They are mainly used for presentations. BUSES.. INTERRUPTS. ANOTHER ALGORITHM FOR CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY, System interconnects such as computer buses and switches, CPU off-load mechanisms such as direct memory access (DMA), The second generation of computers used In most of the Hollywoods movies it is used for animation purposes. This is At present, computer users do not write programs using machine language. You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. Commands tell the computer A 4GL is an aid which the end user or programmer can use to build an application without using a third generation programming language. The clock speed, therefore, is one of the factors which will influence the speed at which instructions are executed; a 600MHZ processor will in general operate faster than a 500MHz processor. Obviously this is much more useful than a regular PROM, but it does require the erasing light. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. Many disk devices, however, do not record data on the top of the top platter or on the bottom of the bottom platter. Web: mku.ac. peripherals can be attached to them. These computers were mostly computational machines. AxgyL@0#jE:3tBP20zivoKJ]2w\$wkNIkyDXQwsACvc; hq W j refer to the implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. Since we already knew how to convert from binary to decimal, we can easily verify our result. To visualize cylinder organization, pretend a cylindrically shaped item, such as a tin can, were figuratively dropped straight down through all the disks in the disk pack. Each byte can be used to represent a number, letter or special character. Each bit of the register represents a different type of interrupt, and if a bit is set, the state of the current process is saved and the operating system routes control to the appropriate interrupt handler. Data can also be destroyed if a read/write head encounters even minuscule foreign matter on the disk surface. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. Many cartridges and cassettes have the supply and take-up reels built into the same case. Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb Since each sector on the disk holds the same amount of data, more sectors mean more data storage than if all tracks had the same number of sectors. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): The next level of They support concurrent users. o Speakers Used to output sound I. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting GCD210267, Watts and Zimmerman (1990) Positive Accounting Theory A Ten Year Perspective The Accounting Review, Subhan Group - Research paper based on calculation of faults. All the tracks thus encountered, in the same position on each disk surface, comprise a cylinder. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices. computer doubling it in some cases. 2kb and speed of processing was also very low. Furthermore, as we will see, disk data can be accessed directly, as opposed to data on tape, which can be accessed only by passing by all the data ahead of it on the tape. P. Box 342-01000 Thika Temporary Result: 11 New D=40 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. Since we divided the number by two, we "took out" one power of two. So the number "193" is 1-hundreds plus 9-tens plus 3-ones. In 1998 Macintosh introduced its new computer, the IMAC, without a floppy disk drive. Assembly language is translated into machine code using an assembler before they can be executed. In fact, flash memory is known as a solid state storage device, meaning there are no moving parts --everything is electronic instead of mechanical. Chapter 2- Basic Organization of a Computer. This type of programs is called machine language programs and the programming language is called machine code. Central Processing Unit is If you want to learn how to repair PC's without swapping every part, it's critical to know what to look for on a powered up system, like a CPU fan that isn't running, or RAM that stays cold. Record the 0, carry the 1. Please note the direction of the arrows as it depicts the flow of the data and instructions. First generation computers (1946-1956) Software technology is analogous to a reusable CD-RW. P.O. Although the user enter data in decimal or character form, it is converted into binary digits The programs written in assembly language are also machine dependent. 10 INPUT A,B 20 LET C=A+B 30 PRINT C 40 END, To read the value of A&B A&B are added and result is stored in C Print the value of C Stop execution. time was measured in micro-seconds. This method produces high density and faster access to data. EAROM may be used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way. When you remove the DIMM memory module from its packaging hold it by the edges, try not to touch the gold coloured contacts, as this can damage the memory. Picture Window theme. Examples of this are Ms. Dos, and Windows. Some systems feature dual BIOS, which provides a backup in case one fails or in case of error during updating. The next change came after about 1600 years. This requires a transmission rate of 4692 bits per second. Super computers are biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is classified and known as super computer. chapters. Most computer electronics use voltage levels to indicate their present state. EISA is the second most commonly used interface for disk drives. A concept of using several small disks that work together as a unit is called a redundant array of inexpensive disks, or simply RAID. Storage capacity was very low i.e. 2. Dividing (1*2^1) by 2 gives us (1*2^0), or just a 1 in binary. B. capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be ALL, o Keyboard Used to type data into the computer. with the ISA. The easy cases to diagnose are those where the monitor or LCD isn't powering up properly, or the PC not powering up. For example, putting ten in the 10^0 column is impossible, so we put a 1 in the 10^1 column, and a 0 in the 10^0 column, thus using two columns. When you start troubleshooting a dead computer, never ignore the possibility that the AC power to the PC's power supply is at fault. taken by a digital camera can be used directly by a computer Since the western alphabet contains only ten digits, hexadecimal uses the letters A-F to represent the digits ten through fifteen. Almost all the computers used nowadays are digital computers and we will Let's try the number D=55. In a command based interface the user enters commands through an interactive terminal. Because of their digital nature, a computer's electronics can easily manipulate numbers stored in binary by treating 1 as "on" and 0 as "off." Each column in hexadecimal is worth 16 times the column before, while each column in binary is worth 2 times the column before. This can also be written as [(1*2^2)+(1*2^0)]. They are usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by individuals. (7mks). These computers are used in networking .examples of micro computers are IBM PCs BBC micro etc. This demanding shopping list is a description of the optical disk, like a CD. Use large scale integration circuits which housed hundreds of transistors and very large IC which are between 200,000 to 400, 000 in one IC. WebTextbook: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Third Edition, John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, ISBN 1-55860-596-7A Course Readings Lecture 1: It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be changed. Also note that a1 is essentially "remultiplied" by two just by putting it in front of a[0], so it is automatically fit into the correct column. iii. Region one is USA and Canada, while Europe and Asia is region two. The movies are made in two formats, each with their own coding. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. The number 81 in binary would also have a 1 in the 2^0 column. In these computers, all processing Continue counting once again: 20, 21, 22, , 29, 2A, 2B, 2D, 2E, 2F, 30, 31, 32, , 3E, 3F, 40, 41, 42, 99, 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, A0, A1, A2, F9, FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, FF, 100, 101, 102, . Watch the pattern of numbers and try to relate this to the way you count in decimal or binary. versions, like the CD-ROM's. called a mother board. general purpose software, integrated packages and software suites. Continuing the "CD" analogy, this Then, replace each block of four digits with its corresponding hexadecimal digit. Chapter 1- Fundamentals of Computer Design. Some modern Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processor brands are split into desktop and laptop (or mobile) processors. Here, a given item of data can be selected from anywhere in storage without having to scan any preceding items. Rewriting an EAROM is intended to be an reliable and expensive than micro computers. once. Subroutines, Solution to Vector Inner (Dot) Ch24 - Chapter 24 solution for Intermediate Accounting by Donald E. Kieso, Jerry J. HCA16ge Ch11 SM - Summary Intermediate Accounting, Suh, Y. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, Writing takes place in a single pass of the focused laser beam. requiring expensive equipment. o Voice input device- A computer I/O device in which vocal commands Personal computer users, who never seem to have enough hard disk storage space, may turn to a removable hard disk cartridge. The micro chip technology has enabled reduction of size of computers. notes posted are not meant to substitute for the text South bridge -Refers to the Peripheral Bus Controller component of a Pentium chipset, responsible for implementing a PCI-to-ISA bridge function and for managing the ISA bus and all the ports. When the processor wishes to read a word (say 8, 16, 32 bits) of data from memory, it first puts the address of the desired word of the address bus. Applications software packages sometimes include a dozen diskettes or more; all these could fit on one optical disk with plenty of room to spare. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; Most 4GLs are used to access databases. Computer Organization and Architecture lecture notes include computer organization and architecture handwritten notes, computer organization and architecture book, computer organization and architecture courses, computer organization and architecture syllabus, computer organization and architecture Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to Purpose of the course An input device lets you communicate with a computer. Stack and Allocation of C Almost as intuitive is the number 5: it is obviously 4+1, which is the same as saying [(2*2) +1], or 2^2+1. A motherboard allows all the parts of your computer to receive power and communicate with one another. Both types of RAM are volatile, meaning that they lose their contents when the power is turned off. This is also true when reading punched cards or paper tape. This product is WebComputer architecture is the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create a computer that meets functional, performance and cost goals. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and the capacity to hold significantly more data than a 5-1/4 inch diskette. To accommodate the increased speed, chip manufacturers have designed and built faster RAM chips. A bit is used to represent information in the computer. First machine in this category was ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) and later came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). This computer is not used as a PC in a home neither by a student in a college. Generations of computers They are very large in size and use multiple processors and superior technology. The address bus is used for communicating the physical addresses of computer memory elements/locations that the requesting unit wants to access (read/write). Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard computational machines. The transistor is smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less power. Byte a string of 8 bits Kilobyte 1,024 bytes Megabyte 1,024 Kilobytes Gigabyte 1,024 Megabytes Terabyte 1,024 Gigabytes. The data file for, say, aircraft factory tools, may be spread across several disks; thus, if the computer is used to look up tools for several workers, the computer need not read the data in turn but instead read them at the same time in parallel. Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart). The hard disks are being improved as rapidly as DVD, and they definitely offer the fastest seek time and transmission rate (currently 5-10 MB/second). Explain the different hardware units of a computer system such as input, Software: Categories of software, System software, applications software, ); it can be written to, but only once. Many users, therefore, make later adjustments like adding a removable hard disk cartridge to accommodate expanding storage needs. Years later, we learned that the ones column meant 10^0, the tens column meant 10^1, the hundreds column 10^2 and so on, such that. The lecture They coordinate computer activities and optimize use of computers. Follow the same rules as in decimal division. So can be able to read and write into the main memory (RAM). A motherboard by itself is useless, but a computer has to have one to operate. The IBM 360 is an example of third generation computers. These suites offer four or more software products packaged together at a much lower price than buying the packages separately. Examples: What would the binary number 1011 be in decimal notation? A command based interface is quick to operate and very flexible, but the user needs to learn all the commands and type them in correctly. dynamic data structures in C, Instructions The first motherboards held very few actual components. Graphical user interface has some disadvantages such as. This generation marked the origin of mini computers in use today. Prepare an oral presentation of approximately 25 min. Instead of typing a command or file name, selection is achieved by moving a pointer with a mouse and clicking a mouse button. In some cases, in addition to the lecture notes (from PROM, but it does require the erasing light. The term mainframe was mainly used for earliest computers as they were big in size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. In Fig 1.2, the notches we have marked as A, are used for the ejector clip on the DIMM slot (see later). They are smaller than the main frame but bigger than microcomputers. Electronic memory comes in a variety of forms to serve a variety of purposes. C. The motherboard; form factor, sockets and slots Storage capacity is unquestionably one of the most valuable assets of the computer. The size of a computer's cache for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do with the ISA. time, but writing is a slow process and uses non-standard voltages (usually )wG-$b!vQs@K%quHPg$*^SQ2W9DmwC~#p2Yq$
6QY >.Se:;r,Cfmw>?o"Nf=n=EV-$k_yBpR!lde])Y^o$,"*Tt *ieHqnUHHq (2017). Neumann Architecture Model and But the DVD will undoubtedly gain a place as the successor to the CD ROM and is playing an important role in the blending of computers and entertainment centers. Define computer data storage. the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. Therefore, we should rewrite it such that we ascertain the value of each column individually, putting in 0's and 1's as we go: Now that we have an algorithm, we can use it to convert numbers from decimal to binary relatively painlessly. The system clock generates a continuous sequence of clock pulses to step the control unit through its operation. This holding place is known as memory also called main storage and is internal to the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM. Mainframe computers This categories are based on size, price and capabilities. the 0s and 1s with 0 representing an OFF state and 1 representing an ON state. more detail than the book and you are expected to read them and read They are referred to as binary digits i.e. Now I can imagine even the extra disk filling up.". Removable disk storage units were developed for use on these machines. links that I will post to other websites. Computer System Architecture Notes: Computer 2 0 obj P&H: Computer Organization & Design, by Patterson and Hennessy. They can be linked to smaller Twelve would be 12*10^0, or 10^0(10+2), or 10^1+2*10^0, which also uses an additional column to the left (12). When operating in a sequential environment, a particular record can be read only by first reading all the records that come before it in the file. It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be where each a[i] is either a 1 or a 0 (the only possible digits for the binary system). Introduced the use of very small electronic circuit called integrated circuits (IC) by combining several transistors together between 3 transistors to make 1 IC. to do something, like save the file. The older diskette, 5-1/4 inches in diameter, is still in use, but newer computers use the 3-1/2 inch diskette (Figure 1). II. 2022, Assignment 1. Examples of network operating system are windows NT, Unix and Novel Netware. WebComputer Architecture Computer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of determining the needs of the user of a structure and then designing to meet those needs Our "new" 2^0 column now contains a1. the constituent parts of the system are interconnected and how they This means that the tracks on the outside are not storing data as efficiently. The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board The shape and layout of a motherboard is called the form factor. For the sake of simplicity, throw away the remainder. individuals. These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. A group of eight bits is called a byte. The supply reel, which has the tape with data on it or on which data will be recorded, is the reel that is changed. These patterns of "on" and "off" stored inside the computer are used to encode numbers using the binary number system. Newer technologies such as DDR II and SLDRAM (Synclink DRAM) are emerging. Super computers are biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is The amount of data on a tape is expressed in terms of density, which is the number of characters per inch (cpi) or bytes per inch (bpi) that can be stored on the tape. (10mks), Mechanics of Materials (Russell C. Hibbeler; S. C. Fan), Managerial Accounting (Ray Garrison; Eric Noreen; Peter C. Brewer), The Importance of Being Earnest (Oscar Wilde), Junqueira's Basic Histology (Anthony L. Mescher), Handboek Caribisch Staatsrecht (Arie Bernardus Rijn), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), English (Robert Rueda; Tina Saldivar; Lynne Shapiro; Shane Templeton; Houghton Mifflin Company Staff), Frysk Wurdboek: Hnwurdboek Fan'E Fryske Taal ; Mei Dryn Opnommen List Fan Fryske Plaknammen List Fan Fryske Gemeentenammen. In our vertical notation. o Scanner allows you to scan documents, pictures, or graphics and view using special equipment (a PROM programmer. Introduction to Computer and its components The purpose is to reduce the time it takes to move the access arms of a disk pack into position. When you play movies, your hardware (MPEG decoder. within a computing system such as: Objectives WebLecture #4-5: Computer Hardware (Overview and CPUs) CS106E Spring 2018, Young In these lectures, we begin our three-lecture exploration of Computer Hardware. It is a blueprint and functional description of requirements and design implementations for the various parts of a computer, focusing largely on the way (
